Hey Himanshu , We have many standard types of fileds in Salesforce like as follows:


Auto Number -   A system-generated sequence number that uses a display format you define. The number is automatically incremented for each new record.

Formula - A read-only field that derives its value from a formula expression you define. The formula field is updated when any of the source fields change.

Roll-Up Summary- A read-only field that displays the sum, minimum, or maximum value of a field in a related list or the record count of all records listed in a related list.

Lookup Relationship - Creates a relationship that links this object to another object. The relationship field allows users to click on a lookup icon to select a value from a popup list. The other object is the source of the values in the list.

External Lookup Relationship - Creates a relationship that links this object to an external object whose data is stored outside the Salesforce org.
Checkbox -Allows users to select a True (checked) or False (unchecked) value.

Currency-Allows users to enter a dollar or other currency amount and automatically formats the field as a currency amount. This can be useful if you export data to Excel or another spreadsheet.

Date-Allows users to enter a date or pick a date from a popup calendar.

Date/Time    Allows users to enter a date and time, or pick a date from a popup calendar. When users click a date in the pop-up, that date and the current time are entered into the Date/Time field.
Email-Allows users to enter an email address, which is validated to ensure proper format. If this field is specified for a contact or lead, users can choose the address when clicking Send an Email. Note that custom email addresses cannot be used for mass emails.

Geolocation-Allows users to define locations. Includes latitude and longitude components, and can be used to calculate distance.
Number-Allows users to enter any number. Leading zeros are removed.
Percent-Allows users to enter a percentage number, for example, '10' and automatically adds the percent sign to the number.
Phone-Allows users to enter any phone number. Automatically formats it as a phone number.
Picklist-Allows users to select a value from a list you define.
Picklist(Multi-Select)-    Allows users to select multiple values from a list you define.
Text-Allows users to enter any combination of letters and numbers.
Text Area-Allows users to enter up to 255 characters on separate lines.
Text Area-(Long)-Allows users to enter up to 131,072 characters on separate lines.
Text Area-(Rich)-Allows users to enter formatted text, add images and links. Up to 131,072 characters on separate lines.
Text-(Encrypted)-Allows users to enter any combination of letters and numbers and store them in encrypted form.
URL-Allows users to enter any valid website address. When users click on the field, the URL will open in a separate browser window.