StandardControllers are prebuilt within Visualforce for standard and custom objects, so they don't require additional code on your part to perform basic functions. See the doc page for specifics:
Controllers and extensions are custom development. A Visualforce page requires either a standardcontroller or controller to be interactive - so if the the standardcontroller won't do what you need, consider writing a new controller for the page.
Extensions allow you to write code which can be added to either a standardcontroller or controller. For example, they're handy when you either need to a) add a little custom functionality to a standardcontroller but don't want to rewrite the whole thing or b) you have utility code that you need to apply to a variety of different pages:
StandardControllers are prebuilt within Visualforce for standard and custom objects, so they don't require additional code on your part to perform basic functions. See the doc page for specifics:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/apexcode/Content/apex_pages_standardcontroller.htm
Controllers and extensions are custom development. A Visualforce page requires either a standardcontroller or controller to be interactive - so if the the standardcontroller won't do what you need, consider writing a new controller for the page.
Extensions allow you to write code which can be added to either a standardcontroller or controller. For example, they're handy when you either need to a) add a little custom functionality to a standardcontroller but don't want to rewrite the whole thing or b) you have utility code that you need to apply to a variety of different pages:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/Content/pages_controller_extension.htm
Hope that helps.