If by "test" you mean, get you workflow to execute and see something in the debug log. The answer is yes. Your debug log has different log categories and one of them is workflow. You'll want to dial the logging category for workflows right up and then look for those message types in your log. You will also want to turn down all other log categories for that test, otherwise you risk reaching the max log size and you might not see all the information you wish. 

If by "test" you mean, prove that it works based on parameters entered and be notified on incorrect behavior, the answer is no. A real testing framework would allow you to place tested conditions, and have the tests report back expected positive and negative behaviors based on those conditions. Here is where the Apex unit testing framework won't help you. You can get the debug logs, but it will be entirely up to you to interpret those logs. There is no way for you to test the outcome of the Workflow Email Alert action from within the Apex context (this email was sent as a result of this parameter). 

Testing for validation rules is a different story. This would be relatively easy as validation rules, when failing, throw the DMLException. So all you need to do is create rubbish data, attempt a save in a try block, then test for DMLException in the catch. Additionally you can test for the error message(s). This process would be fundamentally the same as writing a test for an Apex validation, only for a validation rule test, I wouldn't ever bother with bulk tests. 

Hope this gives you some stuff to go on.